Geiger Counters Instead of Kitchen Clocks

GEIGER COUNTERS INSTEAD OF KITCHEN CLOCKS

In January this year, Minister van Schalkwyk approved the production of nuclear fuel in South Africa and the building of another nuclear reactor - the Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR). In the process, he also approved the transport of this fuel and its "raw material". The question is whether towns and ports along this route know they will be endangered by the transportation of radioactive/hazardous material and if they have emergency plans in place?

The nuclear fuel would be manufactured at Pelindaba near Pretoria. The "raw material" - also known as enriched uranium, or old Russian warheads, depending on the source - would be transported to Pelindaba from Durban, and the fuel transported from Pelindaba to Koeberg. So this transport route happily includes the whole of South Africa in the grand nuclear plan.

It seems that all protests made by the public in regard to the PBMR and production of nuclear fuel in South Africa were summarily dismissed by Minister van Schalkwyk, including: long-term storage of highly radioactive waste, safety and accidents, the fact that the taxpayer would pay for everything and the de-linking of the fuel plant and the PBMR. According to Minister van Schalkwyk, the fuel plant and PBMR it supplies are similar, but different. How different? The minister says they are in different places, different in nature, and have "vastly different" environmental risks. Does this environmental difference compare Pelindaba to Koeberg? Does it include people, or not?

And while some South African ministers may be dizzy with their nuclear plans and all the millions this budget brings, taxpayers might be interested to know that South Africans are perhaps the only nation that has been brainwashed into taking on an entire nuclear financial burden alone - without the help of private investment. This does not happen in the UK or USA or any other nation that pro-nuclear people or even couch potato people might look to for comfort. Even Mr Tito Mboweni of the SA Reserve Bank is alarmed. If Eskom has its way, SA will give new meaning to the word "inflation" and Minister Alec Erwin's happy plan to increase electricity bills by double figures will put everyone across the breadline from "just coping" to "not coping at all" - everyone except government ministers of course.

It is also interesting to note that according to those people who spread the nuclear joy - the International Atomic Energy Association (IAEA): "each year the world´s 441 nuclear power reactors create enough spent fuel to fill a football field to a depth of 1,5 metres. That´s about 10 500 tonnes of heavy metal. This waste is thermally hot and can stay radioactive for thousands of years. Because it is solid and does not readily dissolve in water, the fuel wastes are typically stored in water pools on site at the nuclear reactors for many years".

So all of this nuclear fuel and waste would be in South Africa for a very long time. There is no such thing as "disposal" of nuclear waste. The radioactive material is simply moved around from pillar to post, or stored on site - while local residents keep Geiger counters instead of kitchen clocks.

And while every minute ticks away - that nuclear waste is building up. And up and up and up.

Yours sincerely
INGELA RICHARDSON

Uranium is Folly

Uranium is Folly
By Maya Abermann

Quote: Carbon dioxide is produced at every step in the nuclear fuel cycle, except fission. If nuclear energy grows, so will carbon emissions
The current unfounded hype about new nuclear energy expansion and the wonders of uranium calls for a focus on some of the less-publicised facts about this element. Supplies of uranium ore are insufficient to fuel current demand for nuclear energy.

http://free.financialmail.co.za/07/0629/opinion/bopinion.htm

The excess demand, of about 37%, is met by stockpiles accumulated before 1980. These stockpiles are derived in part from the conversion of old nuclear weapons. Within 10 years these stockpiles will be exhausted. According to information presented in parliament by Prof Eugene Cairncrosse of the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, if current demand (assuming no significant increase in nuclear power capacity) is to be met, new production will have to be increased by about 50%.

Eleven uranium-producing countries have exhausted their uranium reserves. Only Canada has uranium ore deposits that have uranium content of more than 1%. The ore located in many other countries contains only 0,1% uranium. More than two-thirds of all ore deposits have less than 0,06% of the nuclear fuel.

The energy demand for uranium mining is almost directly inversely proportional to the ore grade. Thus the energy demand for mining ore of 0,05% grade is 23 times greater than for mining a 1% ore. At an ore grade of 0,01%- 0,02%, as much energy is used to produce the uranium as would be produced by converting it to electrical power.

As more and more marginal deposits of uranium ore are exploited, it is not simply the energy demand of mining that climbs, but also the energy demand for fuel fabrication, including uranium enrichment.

This reality casts further aspersions on the false claim by the nuclear lobby that it offers us a climate-change saviour. In fact carbon dioxide is produced at every step in the nuclear fuel cycle, except the actual fission in the reactor.

Fossil fuels are used in the mining and enrichment of the ore, in the fuel can preparation, station construction, handling of the spent waste and its re processing, and in digging the hole in the rock for its deposition. Uranium enrichment, in particular, is incredibly energy-intensive. If nuclear energy generation is to expand, demand for uranium will increase and lower and lower grades of this ore will be used. This will result in an increase in carbon emissions.

It is likely that in the near future (to 2020) it will be difficult to meet even existing demand for uranium. It thus seems almost impossible that we will be able to fuel the hypothesised huge nuclear expansion programme planned by our cabinet and corporations around the world. A report by the Energy Watch Group contends that: "The proved reserves and stocks will be exhausted within the next 30 years at current annual demand. Likewise, possible resources - which contain all estimated discovered resources with extraction costs of up to three time higher - will be exhausted within 70 years."

These realities about uranium imply not only that we are rapidly approaching uranium peak, but also that nuclear plant life-cycles are shorter than we may have imagined and that the fuel cost for this energy-generation technology is likely to be higher than uranium vendors ever dreamt of.

Committing SA to investment in a recently estimated R400bn nuclear energy expansion programme is foolhardy. Apart from the obvious, we also risk the opportunity cost. Putting 10%-20% of our eggs into the renewable energy basket now, rather than sighing over the broken eggs in the nuclear basket in 10 years, seems the sensible option. Managing risk should mean using mature, tried and tested, clean technologies where there is a reliable fuel source.

Aberman is campaign co-ordinator at Earthlife Africa

Uranium: The Deadliest Metal

Uranium: The Deadliest Metal

by Dr. Gordon Edwards, President of the Canadian Coalition for Nuclear Responsibility (CCNR), 1992
Canada is the world's largest producer and exporter of uranium, yet most Canadians are entirely unaware of our involvement with this "deadliest of metals."

There are only two commercially important uses for uranium: nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors. The ultimate products of the uranium industry are therefore bombs and radioactive wastes.

As early as 1546, and for centuries afterwards, it was reported that underground miners in Schneeberg, Germany, suffered an unusually high incidence of fatal lung disease. In 1879, it was demonstrated both clinically and anatomically that about half of these miners were dying of lung cancer. This was a much higher incidence of lung cancer than that found in the general population. The same grim statistic -- 50 per cent mortality from lung cancer -- was later found among the miners in Joachimsthal, Czechoslovakia. The ores in question were particularly rich in uranium.

Similar excesses in lung cancer incidence have occurred among iron, lead and zinc miners in Sweden, in fluorspar miners in Newfoundland, and especially among uranium miners in all parts of the world. Scientific papers published in the 1930s, even before the outbreak of World War II, clearly indicated that airborne radioactivity in the mines was the most likely cause of this lung cancer. The principal culprits are radon gas and its solid by-products, the so-called "radon daughters."

Uranium is a naturally-occurring radioactive substance, very widespread in the earth's crust, but concentrated in certain hard rock formations. As the uranium atoms slowly disintegrate over billions of years, a host of radioactive by-products are formed: thorium-230, radium-226, radon-222 and the infamous "radon daughters," including lead-210 and polonium-210.

As the miners dig the uranium-bearing ore, they inevitably release large quantities of radioactive radon gas into the mine atmosphere. Radon has a relatively short half-life (3.8 days); before long, the air in the mine is heavily contaminated with radon daughters. Adhering to microscopic dust particles, these tiny, pernicious particles are breathed into the miners' lungs where they lodge delivering a massive dose of alpha radiation to the sensitive lung tissue. The result is an extraordinarily high incidence of lung cancer, fibrosis of the lungs, and other lung diseases, all of which take decades to become manifest.

The carcinogenic effects of radon daughters have been studied for many years. The medical evidence is overwhelming and indisputable: radon (with its daughters) is one of the most potent carcinogens known. A 1982 study published by the Atomic Energy Control Board (Ottawa) revealed that workers exposed to the present maximum permissible levels in Canadian uranium mines for a 30-year period would experience about four times as much lung cancer as non-miners. Instead of 54 out of every thousand males dying of lung cancer (Ontario statistics for non-miners), we would expect over 200 out of every thousand miners to die of lung cancer -- more than one in five!

In 1974, the Ontario Royal Commission on the Health and Safety of Workers in Mines pointed out that the Elliot Lake uranium miners had already experienced twice as many lung cancers as expected. In 1980, the British Columbia Medical Association published a hard-hitting 470-page report entitled "The Health Dangers of Uranium Mining." The BCMA Report warns of a "gradually flowering crop of radiation-induced cancers" among Canadian uranium miners, adding that "We are aware of no other carcinogen which is permitted at levels close to the doubling dose for humans." A total of 81 Canadian uranium miners had died of lung cancer by October 1974. At the end of 1977, the number was 119; at the end of 1981, 174; at the end of 1984, 274.
At Elliot Lake, about a ton of ore is required to extract two pounds of uranium. Huge quantities of pulverized rock (called uranium tailings) are left over from the milling process. The tailings contain 85 per cent of the original radioactivity in the ore: they contain thorium-230, radium-226, and all the other uranium by-products. The tailings also give off at least 10,000 times as much radon gas as the undisturbed ore. (When radon gas is produced inside hard rock, it has little chance to escape; but when the rock is pulverized, radon escapes easily.)

In the Southwest U.S. and in Port Hope, Ontario, many homes and schools were built using the sand-like uranium tailings as construction material. As a result, some of the buildings ended up with levels of radon gas and radon daughters even higher than those permitted in the mines. Similar (though less severe) problems arose in Florida and Newfoundland when phosphate tailings were used for construction, and in Oka and Varennes (just outside of Montreal) when other mine tailings were used in construction. In each case, the original ore was rich in uranium, so the tailings gave off high amounts of radon.

In 1975, St. Mary's School in Port Hope was evacuated because of extraordinarily high radon levels. Radioactive fill had to be removed, at public expense, from hundreds of homes and gardens. Even today, there are over 200,000 tons of radioactive debris lying about the town of Port Hope in open ravines, easily accessible to children and to pets. Eldorado Nuclear Limited, the crown corporation whose radioactive wastes had been generously donated to the eager townsfolk for construction purposes many years earlier, has recently promised -- under the prodding of the Ontario Environment Department -- to finish cleaning up the mess sometime during the next few years.

According to all scientific evidence, there is no such thing as a "safe dose" of radiation. Every dose of radiation will cause a corresponding increase in cancers and other diseases. Spreading a given dose out to a larger number of people -- so that each individual dose is smaller -- does not reduce the number of resulting illnesses. In fact, in the case of alpha radiation, there is very strong evidence from many different quarters that spreading a dose out among more people actually increases the total number of cancers and other diseases. Uranium and most of its by-products, including thorium, radium, radon and most of the radon daughters fall into this category of alpha-emitting substances.

Since the town of Port Hope had been thoroughly contaminated with alpha- emitting radioactive substances, the Canadian nuclear authorities had to make a political decision back in 1975: What was an acceptable level for radioactive contamination in a private residence?

And so a standard for an "acceptable level" of radon contamination in a private home was set at about 20 times the normal background levels of radon, to guide the cleanup operations at Port Hope. Before long, that same standard was being used for the construction of whole subdivisions of new homes in Elliot Lake in the late 1970s. Radon levels in these new homes were so unacceptably high that fans had to be installed under the floorboards to blow the radon out of the house. Sometimes two fans had to be installed to bring the contamination levels down to the"acceptable" level.

In testimony to the Elliot Lake Environmental Assessment Board in 1978, mortality figures published by the Ontario government were used to show that even the "acceptable" levels of radon contamination in homes would result in an extra 17 lung cancer deaths per thousand people chronically exposed to such levels. In other words, instead of 54 lung cancers per thousand, one would expect 71, a 31 per cent increase. In light of this evidence, the Board recommended that the radon standard for homes be reassessed. But no such reassessment has taken place.

Since 1980 the B.C. Medical Association has published a slightly higher risk estimate and has condemned the radon standard for homes "as tantamount to allowing an industrially induced epidemic of cancer." A 1982 report published by the Atomic Energy Control Board concurs, estimating a 40 percent increase in lung cancer among those living in homes contaminated to the "acceptable" radon level.
Radon gas is also given off by phosphate fertilizers (since phosphate ores are rich in uranium). When tobacco crops are so fertilized, radon gas accumulates under the thick canopy of tobacco leaves, and tiny dust particles impregnated with radon daughters adhere to the sticky, resinous hairs on the underside of each leaf. When harvested, the tobacco contains high concentrations of radioactive lead-210 and polonium-210. Cigarette smokers breathe these radon daughters into their lungs with every inhalation.
Some of these radioactive particles lodge in the lungs of smokers, as confirmed by autopsies. Others enter the bloodstream along with oxygen and carbon monoxide. Radioactive deposits of this kind have been found in plaque removed from sclerotic arteries. Many researchers now believe these excessive concentrations of radon daughters are responsible for most of the 135,000 deaths each year in the U.S. from lung cancer, strokes and heart disease which the American Medical Association attributes to smoking.

In addition to killing uranium miners and those living in contaminated homes, each uranium mine is, in effect, a "slow bomb" -- spreading deadly radioactive poisons over vast areas of the earth, as surely as the Chernobyl disaster did, as surely as atmospheric tests of nuclear weapons have done, but at an insidiously slower rate. Radon gas can travel a thousand miles in just a few days, with a light breeze. As it travels low to the ground (it is much heavier than air) it deposits its "daughters" -- solid radioactive fallout -- on the vegetation, soil and water below; the resulting radioactive materials enter the food chain, ending up in fruits and berries, the flesh of fish and animals, and ultimately, in the bodies of human beings.

On February 25, 1986, the Wall Street Journal printed a front page story that portrayed the 220 million tons of uranium tailings in the U.S. as an ecological and financial time bomb. (In Canada, we have about 150 million tons of such tailings.) Everyone agrees that these materials are too dangerously radioactive to leave on the surface of the earth, yet no one has devised a satisfactory method for permanently containing them. Even at a very modest rate, say $10 per ton, it will cost billions of dollars to dispose of these wastes.
The tailings will remain dangerously radioactive for millions of years. Thorium- 230, itself a by-product of uranium, is an alpha-emitter with a half-life of almost 80,000 years. It continually replenishes all the other radioactive by-products of uranium in the abandoned tailings piles. Radium-226, a bone-seeking alpha-emitting carcinogen which is at least 20 times as harmful as strontium-90, is blown in the wind, washed by the rain, and leached into the waterways from the tailings piles, where it re-concentrates by factors of thousands in aquatic plants and by factors of hundreds in land plants. It has a half-life of 1,600 years. When the levels of radium increased in Canadian rivers as a result of uranium mining activities, the nuclear establishment obligingly increased the standard for an "acceptable level" of radium in drinking water by a factor of nine.

(The B.C. Medical Association refers to radium as a "superb carcinogen." It is known to have killed many of the women who patriotically painted radium on the dials of military instruments during World War II so that the readings would glow in the darkness of a ****pit or battlefield.)

In addition, the radon gas emissions from abandoned tailings can cause radioactive contamination on a continental and even on a global basis. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission has estimated that radon emissions from uranium tailings in the Southwest U.S. can be expected to cause over 3,000 cancer deaths per century over the North American continent. Many researchers believe that this death toll is underestimated by at least a factor of ten, even if we ignore the fallout of solid radon daughters on leafy vegetation as the radon gas passes overhead, and even if we assume that the tailings are not blown by the wind, washed by the rain, or spread through the food chain, thereby distributing the source of contamination over a much wider area.

The legacy of uranium is truly a devastating one. Miners and smokers dead and dying, vast reservoirs of tailings releasing radioactive poisons into the biosphere, radon daughters accumulating in buildings and in the food chain -- and all for the sake of building more bombs and nuclear reactors. The radioactive fission products that were released into the atmosphere from Chernobyl -- iodine-131, strontium-90, cesium-137, and the rest -- are all the broken pieces or uranium atoms left over from the fission process. Even the extraordinary toxicity of plutonium can be rightfully attributed to uranium, since plutonium is created by transmutation of uranium through the absorption of neutrons.

Because Canada is the world's largest uranium producer and exporter, Canadians have an important role in halting the widespread use of uranium. If we do not come to grips with the Pandora's box of problems which it spawns, and soon, our children and grandchildren may find that we have left them with a burden too great for them to bear.

Deadly waters price of gold

Deadly waters price of gold
http://www.sowetan.co.za/article.aspx?ID=522403

Our leaders have betrayed us in the name of political and financial expediency.

The constitution guarantees all South Africans an environment that does not damage their health. But millions of people in Gauteng and North West are being exposed to a chemical witch’s brew that the gold mines spew each day into our waterways.

This stuff is so toxic it threatens all life. Dams have accumulated so much uranium in their waters and sediments that they should be declared nuclear sites.

But officials and politicians are so worried about offending investors and mining magnates that they have done precious little to enforce the laws that supposedly protect us from the worst excesses of a capitalism gone mad.

The price of the luxury estates of mining magnates and their co-opted BEE partners will be paid mostly by the poor, especially those in informal settlements squatting alongside the contaminated waterways.

Official nonchalance by the so-called National Nuclear Regulator, the Department of Minerals and Energy, the Department of Water Affairs and the Department of Environment and Tourism, as well as their minions in provincial and local government, will be paid for in the souls of the rich and poor who succumb to this poisonous broth.

Researchers have been warning about the danger for decades, but almost nothing has been done to curtail it.